What is the composition of Monel 411?
Monel alloy
Monel is a group of alloys of nickel (52% to 67%) and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. Monel alloy is also called Monel metal. Monel alloys are not copper-nickel alloys because they contain less than 60% copper. Monel was created in 1905 by Robert Crooks Stanley, who was working for the International Nickel Company (Inco). Monel alloy was named after company president Ambrose Monell and patented in 1906. Since surnames were not allowed to be used as trademarks at the time, an "l" was dropped. The trademark was registered in May 1921 and is now a trademark of Special Metals Corporation. Monel is an expensive alloy and its use is limited to applications where it cannot be replaced by cheaper alternatives. Monel is stronger than pure nickel and can resist corrosion from a variety of corrosive media, including fast-moving seawater. These alloys can be easily processed and manufactured through hot working, cold working, machining and welding.
In the early years, Monel alloy was born out of the joint research of three metallurgists, David H. Browne, Victor Hybinette and Robert C. Stanley, on a more economical way to produce nickel silver. Eventually, Stanley realized that the nickel copper sulfide found in Bessemer matte had a lower oxidation point, allowing him to refine the first ingot where others had failed. In the process, he stumbled upon a highly corrosion-resistant superalloy.
Monel 400 has been used in industrial and construction environments since 1905. It is a binary alloy with equal proportions of nickel and copper, the same alloy that occurs naturally in the tektite nickel mines in Sudbury (Ontario, Canada), and is therefore considered a Puritan alloy. It is one of the earliest nickel alloys, dating back to the original nickel-copper ore mined in Canada in the late nineteenth century. The composition of the original ore was roughly the same as the chemical composition of Monel 400 today. This alloy is silver in color.
